Improve your understanding of the cardiopulmonary system with Essentials of Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy, 5th Edition. Based on American Physical Therapy Association best practices, this new edition provides comprehensive coverage of anatomy, physiology, and cardiopulmonary assessment, along with new chapters on the growing topics of the management of cardiovascular disease in women and pulmonary vascular disease. Using a practical approach, expert author Ellen Hillegass also discusses pathophysiology, pharmacology, and interventions in the outpatient setting.
New to this edition
UPDATED! Content and references throughout present the most current and relevant information for today’s clinical practice.
NEW! Two additional chapters on Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Women and Pulmonary Vascular Disease provide comprehensive coverage of these key topics.
NEW! Enhanced ebook version of the text - included with print purchase - offers access to all of the text, figures, and references from the book, as well as additional case studies and a glossary, on a variety of digital devices.
Table of Contents
Section 1. Anatomy and Physiology
1. Anatomy of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems
Thorax
The respiratory system
The cardiovascular system
Cardiac and pulmonary vessels
Systemic circulation
Summary
2. Physiology of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems
The pulmonary system
The cardiovascular system
Summary
Section 2. Pathophysiology
3. Ischemic cardiovascular conditions and other vascular pathologies
Anatomy of the coronary arteries
Myocardial perfusion
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Cerebrovascular disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Other vascular disorders
Summary
4. Management of cardiovascular disease in women
Gender differences in clinical manifestation and pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease
Pathophysiology
Diagnosing cardiovascular disease in women
Cardiovascular disease risk assessment tools
Medical management of cardiovascular disease in women
Other cardiovascular disease in women
Women and outpatient cardiac rehabilitation
Pregnancy-related cardiovascular considerations
Effect of stress, depression, and other psychosocial issues on heart disease in women
Summary
5. Cardiac muscle dysfunction and failure
Congestive heart failure descriptions
Causes and types of cardiac muscle dysfunction
Cardiac muscle
Specific pathophysiologic conditions associated with congestive heart failure
Pulmonary function
Hepatic function
Hematologic function
Skeletal muscle function
Clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure
Crackles
Radiologic findings in congestive heart failure
Medical management
Mechanical management
Surgical management
Prognosis
Physical therapy assessment
Physical therapy interventions
Ventilation
Summary
Discussion
6. Restrictive lung dysfunction
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestation
Infectious causes
Interstitial lung disease
Specific interstitial lung diseases
Connective tissue causes of restrictive lung dysfunction
Immunologic causes
Environmental/occupational causes
Asbestosis
Radiologic causes
Neoplastic causes
Nonsmall cell lung cancer
Pleural diseases
Cardiovascular causes
Neuromuscular causes
Musculoskeletal causes
Pregnancy as cause
Nutritional and metabolic causes
Traumatic causes
Therapeutic causes
Pharmaceutical causes
Summary
7. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
Overall etiology, pathology, and pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Lung function in obstructive lung diseases
Symptoms associated with obstructive lung diseases
Physical and psychologic impairments associated with obstructive lung diseases
Quantification of impairment in obstructive lung diseases
Disease-specific obstructive lung conditions
Pediatric obstructive lung conditions
8. Pulmonary vascular disease
Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension
Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension
Classification of pulmonary hypertension
Pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension
Medical management
From diagnosis and medical management to follow-up
Activity/exercise limitations for individuals with pulmonary hypertension
Role of exercise in pulmonary hypertension
Summary
9. Cardiopulmonary implications of specific diseases
Introduction
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Clinical implications for physical therapy
Chronic kidney disease and failure
Other specific diseases and disorders
Cardiopulmonary toxicity of cancer treatment
Summary
Section 3. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
10. Cardiovascular diagnostic tests and procedures
Diagnostic test interpretation and probability of disease
Sensitivity/specificity of testing
Clinical laboratory studies
Other noninvasive diagnostic tests
Other imaging modalities
Exercise testing
Pharmacologic stress testing
Cardiac catheterization: coronary angiography and ventriculography
Digital subtraction angiography
Endocardial biopsy
Vascular diagnostic testing for aortic, peripheral, and carotid disease
Peripheral arterial disease and dysfunction and diagnosis
Carotid artery disease and diagnosis
Summary
11. Electrocardiography
Basic electrophysiologic principles
Heart rhythm: assessment of single-lead electrocardiogram
Heart blocks
Ventricular arrhythmias
Other findings on a 12-lead electrocardiogram
Summary
12. Pulmonary diagnostic tests and procedures
Introduction
Chest imaging
Pulmonary function testing
Blood gas analysis
Oximetry
Cytologic and hematologic tests
Discussion
Summary
Section 4. Surgical Interventions, Monitoring, and Support
13. Cardiovascular and thoracic interventions
Introduction
Cardiothoracic surgical procedures
Chest tube placement
Cardiac surgical options: off-pump, minimally invasive, robotic-assisted
Pacemaker implantation
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Additional cardiovascular interventions
Peripheral vascular interventions
Myocardial and angiogenic gene therapy
Summary
14. Thoracic organ transplantation heart and lung
Introduction
History
Evaluation
Preoperative rehabilitation
Alternative therapies to transplantation
Donor selection and matching criteria
Surgical techniques
Medications
Postoperative treatment
Lung transplantation
Future trends in transplantation care160
Summary
15. Monitoring, life support devices, and respiratory care in intensive care unit
Monitoring equipment in the intensive care unit
Capnography
Invasive monitoring
Temperature monitoring
Intracranial pressure monitoring
Life support equipment
Summary
Section 5. Pharmacology
16. Cardiovascular medications
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
General considerations of pharmacologic management
Cardiac drugs used in critical care
Cardiac pharmacology in the geriatric population
Cardiac pharmacology in the neonate and pediatric populations
Pharmacologic management of diabetes
Heart transplantation
Vascular pharmacology
Summary
17. Pulmonary medications
Introduction
Physiology
Bronchomotor tone
Rationale for bronchodilators
Bronchodilators
New drug development
New antifibrotic medications (for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)
Pulmonary arterial hypertension medications
New medications for cystic fibrosis
Ancillary pulmonary medications
Reserve antimicrobials
Summary
Section 6. Cardiopulmonary Assessment and Intervention
18. Examination and assessment procedures
Introduction
Elements of patient management
Patient history
Medical chart review
Interview with the patient and the family
Systems review
Physical examination
Evaluation
Summary
19. Interventions for acute cardiopulmonary conditions
Airway clearance techniques
Breathing strategies, positioning, and facilitation
Breathing exercises
Special considerations for mechanically ventilated patients
Exercise
Exercise considerations for specific cardiovascular patient populations
Special considerations for mobilizing patients on mechanical circulatory support
Injury prevention and equipment provision
Patient education
Discharge planning
Summary
20. Interventions and prevention measures for individuals with cardiovascular disease, or risk of disease
Introduction
Primary prevention
Rehabilitation of patients with documented cardiovascular disease
Management and evaluation of patients during the acute phase
Postacute phase rehabilitation
Candidacy
Home-based cardiac rehabilitation
Rehabilitation/secondary prevention in the outpatient setting
Secondary prevention: management of risk factors
Administrative considerations
Summary
21. Pulmonary rehabilitation
Choosing goals and outcomes in pulmonary rehabilitation
Structure of the pulmonary rehabilitation program
Physical therapy management
Patient evaluation procedures
Treatment intervention
Physical conditioning
Summary
22. Pediatric cardiopulmonary physical therapy
Respiratory system development
Cardiac development
Congenital heart defects
Cardiac medical management
Pediatric respiratory conditions
Pulmonary medical management with extracorporeal membranous oxygenation
Pediatric conditions with secondary cardiopulmonary issues
Pediatric conditions with decreased activity levels and/or altered posture
Physical therapy examination
Physical therapy evaluation, diagnosis, and prognosis
Physical therapy intervention
Summary
23. Outcome measures: A guide for the evidence-based practice of cardiopulmonary physical therapy
Introduction
Outcomes defined
Importance of measuring outcomes
Selection of data to measure
Functional performance measures
Quality-of-life measures
Summary
24. The lymphatic system
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology
Pathophysiology
The role of the lymphatic system in the cardiovascular system and in cardiovascular disease
Medical management
Lipedema
Summary
Glossary
Index
