Establishing endocrinology as a distinct medical specialty was no easy task. This engaging volume chronicles the journey through the stories of the men –and occasional women—who shaped the specialty through the ages.
In 108 brief chapters, A Biographical History of Endocrinology illuminates the progress of endocrinology from Hippocrates to the modern day. The author highlights important leaders and their contributions to the field, including these early pioneers:
Kos and Alexandria, and the first human anatomy
Bartolomeo Eustachi and the adrenal gland
Richard Lower and the pituitary gland
Thomas Addison and adrenal insufficiency
Franz Leydig and testosterone secreting cells
Wiliam Stewart Halsted and surgery of the thyroid gland
John J. Abel and isolation of hormones
Hakaru Hashimoto and his disease
Covering all the watershed moments in the history of the profession, the book identifies key figures whose contributions remain relevant today. Their fascinating stories of experiments and studies, advocacy and adversity, and exploring unknown territory will inspire the next generation of endocrinologists and satisfy every clinician who ever wondered "how did we get here?"
This comprehensive yet concise biographical history of endocrinology will benefit not only practicing and prospective endocrinologists, but also other medical specialists and medical historians.
Contents
Preface xxi
Chapter 1 Diabetes and the Ebers Papyrus (1552 B.C.E.) 1
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Chapter 2 The Greek Myths and the First Physicians (1100 B.C.E.) 3
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Chapter 3 Kos and Alexandria (400 B.C.E.–400 C.E.) – The First Human Anatomy 6
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Chapter 4 Hippocrates (400 B.C.E) – Western Medicine Begins 11
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Chapter 5 Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) – Experiments of Nature 17
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Chapter 6 Soranus of Ephesus (98–138 C.E.) – Obstetrics and Gynecology 20
Leon Speroff
Chapter 7 Aretaeus of Cappadocia (First and Second Centuries C.E.) 23
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Chapter 8 Galen (130–200) – The First “Human Anatomy” 28
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Chapter 9 Avicenna (980–1037 C.E.) – Preservation of “Classical” Medicine 32
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Chapter 10 Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) – The Renaissance in Medicine 36
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Chapter 11 Bartolomeo Eustachi (Eustachius) (1520–1574) – The Adrenal Gland 39
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Chapter 12 Santorio Santorio (1561–1636) – Insensible Loss 41
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Chapter 13 William Harvey (1578–1657) – The First Great Experiment, “De Motu Cordis” 44
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Chapter 14 Thomas Wharton (1614–1673) – Codifying the Glands 49
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Chapter 15 Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) – The Capillary 55
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Chapter 16 Richard Lower (1631–1691) – The Pituitary Gland 58
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Chapter 17 Regnier de Graaf (1641–1673) – The Graafian Follicle 61
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Chapter 18 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) – The First of the Great Microscopists 69
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Chapter 19 John Hunter (1728–1793) – Embryology of the Hind 72
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Chapter 20 Caleb Hillier Parry (1755–1822) – Thyrotoxicosis 77
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Chapter 21 Thomas Addison (1795–1860) – Adrenal Insufficiency 82
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Chapter 22 Robert James Graves (1796–1853) – Thyrotoxicosis 85
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Chapter 23 Armand Trousseau (1801–1867) – Diabetes Insipidus 88
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Chapter 24 Arnold Adolph Berthold (1803–1861) – Transplantation of Testes 91
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Chapter 25 Claude Bernard (1813–1878) – The Discovery of Homeostasis and Internal Secretion 97
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Chapter 26 Adolphe Chatin (1813–1901) – Iodine in the Prevention of Goiter 100
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Chapter 27 Sir James Paget (1814–1899) – Osteitis Deformans 105
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Chapter 28 Sir William Gull (1816–1890) – Adult Cretinism and “Jack the Ripper” 114
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Chapter 29 Charles ]Edouard Brown ]Séquard (1817–1894) – Glandular Extract Therapy 123
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Chapter 30 Franz Leydig (1821–1908) – Testosterone Secreting Cells 126
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Chapter 31 Adolf Kussmaul (1822–1902) – Ketoacidosis 128
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Chapter 32 Jean ]Martin Charcot (1825–1893) – Exophthalmic Goiter 130
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Chapter 33 Jean Baptiste Boussingault (1802–1887) – Iodine and the Goiter 135
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Chapter 34 Bernhard Naunyn (1839–1925) – Dietary Treatment of Diabetes 140
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Chapter 35 Enrico Sertoli (1842–1910) – Gametes and the Testes 143
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Chapter 36 William Osler (1849–1919) – Treatment of Addison’s Disease 145
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Chapter 37 Emil Fischer (1852–1919) – The Stereochemical Nature of Sugars 150
James Magner
Chapter 38 William Stewart Halsted (1852–1922) – Surgery of the Thyroid Gland 153
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Chapter 39 Charles Eucharist de Medicis Sajous (1852–1929) – The First President of the Endocrine Society 160
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Chapter 40 Pierre Marie (1853–1940) – Acromegaly 165
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Chapter 41 Victor Horsley (1857–1916) – Treating Myxedema with Thyroid Extract 167
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Chapter 42 Archibald Edward Garrod (1857–1936) – Orchronosis and Human Genetics 170
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Chapter 43 John J. Abel (1857–1938) – Isolation of Hormones 174
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Chapter 44 Oskar Minkowski (1858–1931) – Diabetes and the Pancreas 182
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Chapter 45 Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861–1947) – Vitamin(e)s and Biochemistry 184
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Chapter 46 George R. Murray (1865–1939) – Treatment of Hypothyroidism 191
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Chapter 47 William Bayliss and Ernest Starling (1860–1924) (1866–1927) – Molecular Messengers 195
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Chapter 48 Harvey Williams Cushing (1869–1939) – Pituitary Basophilism 202
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Chapter 49 Leo Loeb and Max Aron (1869–1959) (1892–1974) – Thyrotropin 207
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Chapter 50 W.G. MacCallum (1874–1944) – Tetany and the Parathyroid Gland 212
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Chapter 51 Moses Barron (1883–1974) – Pancreatic Duct Stone 216
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Chapter 52 Frederick Grant Banting (1891–1941) – The Discovery of Insulin 220
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Chapter 53 James Bertram Collip (1893–1965) – Isolation of Insulin 225
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Chapter 54 Frederick Madison Allen (1879–1964) – The Diabetic Diet 229
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Chapter 55 Elliott Proctor Joslin (1869–1962) – Insulin and the Treatment of Diabetes 231
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Chapter 56 J.J.R. Macleod (1876–1935) – Discovery of Insulin 234
Michael Bliss
Chapter 57 Frederick L. Hisaw (1891–1972) – Relaxin 245
Clark T. Sawin and Harry K. Ziel
Chapter 58 Henry S. Plummer (1874–1936) – Toxic Nodular Thyroid Gland 251
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Chapter 59 Henry H. Dale (1875–1968) – Catecholamines 256
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Chapter 60 Robert McCarrison (1878–1960) – Iodine Deficiency and Goiter 264
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Chapter 61 Hakaru Hashimoto (1881–1934) – His Disease 269
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Chapter 62 Eugene F. DuBois (1882–1959) – Basal Metabolism and the Thyroid 274
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Chapter 63 Herbert McLean Evans (1882–1971) – Pituitary Hormones 279
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Chapter 64 Philip E. Smith (1884–1970) – Trophic Hormones of the Pituitary 284
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Chapter 65 Edward C. Kendall (1886–1972) – Structures of Cortisol and Thyroxin 288
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Chapter 66 David Marine (1880–1976) – Iodine and Goiter 292
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Chapter 67 George Washington Corner (1889–1981) – Progesterone 297
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Chapter 68 Henry H. Turner (1892–1970) – Gonadal Dysgenesis 302
Ron Rosenfeld
Chapter 69 Ernest Basil Verney (1894–1967) – Vasopressin is a Hormone 306
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Chapter 70 Gerty and Carl Cori (1896–1957) (1896–1984) – Glucose Metabolism and Lactic Acid 311
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Chapter 71 Charles Robert Harington (1897–1972) – Synthesis of Thyroxine 316
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Chapter 72 Dorothy Price and Carl Moore (1899–1980) (1892–1955) – Regulation of Gonadal Hormone Secretion 320
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Chapter 73 Fuller Albright (1900–1969) – Uncharted Seas 325
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Chapter 74 Charles Brenton Huggins (1901–1997) – Androgen Ablation Therapy for Prostate Cancer 331
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Chapter 75 Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978) – Antidiuretic Hormone 333
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Chapter 76 Russell Earl Marker (1902–1995) – The Mexican Yam 335
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Chapter 77 Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967) – The Birth Control Pill 338
Leon Speroff
Chapter 78 G.F. Marrian (1904 –1981) – Isolation of Estrogens 344
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Chapter 79 Berta and Ernst Scharrer (1906–1995) (1905–1965) – Concept of Neurosecretion 348
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Chapter 80 Ulf Svante von Euler (1905–1983) – Neurosecretion of Norepinephrine 354
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Chapter 81 Saul Hertz (1905–1950) – Radioactive Iodine and the Treatment of Graves’ Disease 360
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Chapter 82 George Widmer Thorn (1906–2004) – The Treatment of Addison’s Disease 364
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Chapter 83 Hans Hugo Bruno Selye (1907–1982) – Stress and the Endocrine System 368
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Chapter 84 Jerome W. Conn (1907–1994) – Adrenal Mediated High Blood Pressure 371
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Chapter 85 Frank G. Young (1908–1988) – The Pituitary Gland and Diabetes Mellitus 373
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Chapter 86 Edwin B. Astwood (1909–1976) – Radioiodine Treatment for Thyrotoxicosis 379
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Chapter 87 Roy Hertz (1909–2002) – Cure of Choriocarcinoma 384
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Chapter 88 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994) – The Structure of Insulin 387
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Chapter 89 Harry F. Klinefelter (1912–1990) – Genetic Hypogonadism 390
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Chapter 90 Julius Axelrod (1912–2004) – Epinephrine Synthesis, Secretion, and Reuptake 393
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Chapter 91 Geoffrey W. Harris (1913–1967) – The Brain’s Control of the Pituitary Gland 399
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Chapter 92 Frederic C. Bartter (1914–1983) – Disorders of “The Pump” 406
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Chapter 93 Earl W. Sutherland (1915–1974) – Discovery of Cyclic AMP 411
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Chapter 94 Maurice S. Raben (1915–1977) – The Treatment of Growth Hormone Deficiency 418
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Chapter 95 Alfred Jost (1916–1991) – Sexual Ambiguity 424
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Chapter 96 Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) – Synthesis of Cholesterol 426
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Chapter 97 Sylvia Agnes Sophia Tait (1917–2003) – Steroid Metabolism 428
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Chapter 98 Solomon Berson (1918–1972) – Radioimmunoassay 430
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Chapter 99 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011) – Radioimmunoassay 433
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Chapter 100 Mort Lipsett (1921–1984) – The Syndromes of Adrenal Insufficiency 436
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Chapter 101 Griff Terry Ross (1921–1985) – The β Subunit of hCG 439
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Chapter 102 Grant Liddle (1921–1989) – Differential Diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome 442
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Chapter 103 Monte Arnold Greer (1922–2002) – Thyroid Nodules 444
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Chapter 104 Jacob Robbins (1923–2008) – Radiation ]Induced Thyroid Cancer 452
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Chapter 105 Donald S. Fredrickson (1924–2002) – Lipid Dyscrasiasis 455
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Chapter 106 John Doppman (1928–2000) – Interventional Radiology 458
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Chapter 107 Gerald Aurbach (1927–1991) – Parathormone 461
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Chapter 108 Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally (1924–) (1926–) – The Hypothalamic ]Releasing Hormones 464
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Criticism 469
Index 471
